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A 4 GW hatását erősítő fő tényezők III. A népi háború kiteljesedése

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„Maguk minden csatát megnyertek, a háborút mégis elveszítették” – állítólag ezekkel a szavakkal foglalta össze egy vietnámi ezredes valamikor a kilencvenes évek elején, volt ellenfelének egy amerikai tisztnek, az USA ellen vívott II. vietnámi háború történetét. Szavai, bármily meglepő is, teljesen igazak. Kisebb csetepatéktól eltekintve a Viet minh (közismertebb nevén Viet Kong) és az Észak Vietnámi Hadsereg gyakorlatilag az összes jelentősebb összecsapást elvesztette katonailag, ugyanis a hagyományos definíció szerint az nyerte meg a csatát, akinek a zászlaja leng utána a csatamezőn.

Mégis közel tíz év, ötvenezer halott és hatalmas befektetés ellenére az amerikaiak kivonultak Dél-Vietnámból és hamarosan az ország is megszűnt létezni. Külön érdekessége a történelemnek, hogy mind a gyenge erkölcsi lábakon álló (mondhatni korrupt) dél-vietnámi, mind a hasonlóan despota sah iráni hadserege (hatalmas erőfölényük ellenére) rövid idő alatt összeomlott a gerillák, szabadságharcosok, partizánok (kinek ízlése szerint) nyomása alatt.

A magyarázat nagyon egyszerű. Ezek az irreguláris erők egész egyszerűen nem a hagyományos hadseregek szabályai szerint harcolnak. Anélkül, hogy túlságosan belemennék a részletekbe röviden annyit kell tudni a hagyományos, más néven reguláris hadseregekről, hogy elsősorban saját magukhoz hasonló, egyenruhában és szervezett egységekben harcoló, ellenség ellen vívott harcra vannak felkészítve. Céljuk az ellenség csatá(k)ban történő legyőzése, mely után a vitatott területre bevonulva, a nem-harcolókkal minimális kapcsolatot létesítve működtetik a közigazgatást a békekötésig, mely után hamarosan átadják helyüket a polgári szerveknek.

Nos ezen felkészített és hatalmas erőfölényben lévő hadseregekkel szemben egy-egy fejletlen ország ipari (vagy egyéb) háttér hiányában nem tudott a siker reményében szembeszállni. A XVIII.-XIX. század során a gyarmatosítók lőfegyverekkel bőven ellátott seregei (egy-két balfogások sorozatából eredő vereség kivételével) rövid idő alatt tönkre verték az afrikai, ázsiai államok technikailag kevésbé fejlett seregeit, a népi ellenállást brutális eszközökkel felszámolták és kész is volt az új gyarmat. Igen ám, de a második világháborút követően a meggyengült és a háború borzalmaitól irtózó gyarmati hatalmak már nem tudták a régi módszerekkel elnyomni a függetlenségi mozgalmakat, részben katonai erő hiánya részben erkölcsi aggályaik miatt.

A sok esetben társadalmi reformokkal is összekötött mozgalmak kihasználva a legnagyobb gyarmattartók (Nagy-Britannia és Franciaország) meggyengülését egyre határozottabban követelték függetlenségüket. Erős társadalmi bázisuk azonban nem párosult erős ipari háttérrel, így a nemzeti, felszabadító (kinek tetszése szerint) háborúik során a gyengébb hadviselő klasszikus fegyveréhez folyamodtak: a rajtaütésekből álló aszimmetrikus hadviseléshez, vagy másképp a népi háborúhoz. Ugyan a szó szerint a sivatagba géppuskázott hererok, vagy a koncentrációs táborokba zárt búrok, esetleg az ágyúcső elé kötözött ezért a reinkarnációból kizárt szipojok esetében sikerült, még a kor értékítélete szerint is durva, erőszakkal elfojtani egyes felkeléseket, ezek a megoldások azonban több okból nem jöhettek szóba az 1940-es évektől kezdődően.
Mao Ce Tung volt az első, aki a jelentős haditechnikai fölényben lévő, ám komoly létszámproblémákkal küzdő japán hadsereggel harcolva lefektette a gerilla hadviselés, vagy másként a nép háború alapjait. Az ő elméletét tovább fejlesztve Vo Nguyen Giap nemcsak az amerikai haderőt, hanem a forradalmat exportálni szándékozó kínai hadsereget is elűzte.
A gyarmatbirodalmak felbomlása óta a hagyományos hadseregek a felkelésekkel szemben nagyrészt tehetetlenek (John A. Nagl adatai szerint az ilyen jellegű összecsapások 79% vesztették el, és mindössze 21%-ban győztek.), mivel a szembenálló fél gyakorlatilag nem nyújt katonai célpontokat (vezetési központok, katonai egységek stb.).

A népi háború elméletének széles körű elterjedése illetve a globális média, valamint az emberi jogok általánossá válása nyomán a lakosság ellenállásának kizárólag katonai erővel történő megtörése lehetetlenné vált. Így egy felkészült és katonai szempontból végtelenül gyenge csoport is képes lehet dacolni akár a világ legerősebb hatalmával is.

A fenti tényezők együttesen vezetnek a hadviselés forradalmához, mely azonban nem a katonai-ipari komplexum által kívánt hálózat-centrikus és rendkívül drága high-tech kütyüjeiből, hanem elszánt felkelők/terroristák/szabadságharcosok sokszor meglepő és/vagy brutális és hatékony támadásaiból fog állni az emberi tevékenységek teljes spektrumán keresztül. Ez a 4GW. Nem szép, nem humánus és határozottan nem valami, amit olyan hagyományos katonai eszközökkel mint nehéztüzérség vagy vadászbombázó le lehet küzdeni.

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